Insulated car with air circulating chamber



May 12, 1936.

C. O. C ZORNWELL INSULATED CAR WITH AIR CIRCULATING CHAMBER Filed Jan. 24, 1954 5 Sheets-Sheet 1 =--1es B I T AGJ T m- I I Pea m2 F155 INVENTOR y 1936- c. 5. CORNWELL 4 2,040,296

INSULATED CAR WITH AIR CIRCULATING CHAMBER Filed Jan. 24, 1954 5 Sheets-Sheet 2 O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O INVENTOR y c. o. COR-NWELL V 2,040,296

INSULATED CAR WITH AIR CIRCULATING CHAMBER Filed Jan. 24, 1934 5 Sheets-Sheet 3 INVENTOR May 12, I936. c. 0. CORNWELL a ,040,296

INSULATED CAR WITH AIR CIRCULA-TING CHAMBER Filed Jan. 24, 1934 5 Sheets-Sheet 5- INVENTOR Patented May 12, 1936.

UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE INSULATED GAR WITH AIR CIRCULATING CHAMBER- 19 Claims.

The invention relates to insulated cars used by railroads to transport perishable ladings which must be maintained at higher temperatures in the winter and lower temperatures in the summer than the prevailing outside temperatures while in transit and ladings which require ventilation; for instance, oranges, lemons and apples, require cooling, heating and ventilating; potatoes require heating, deciduous fruits and green vegetables require cooling. Citrus fruits and apples are frequently changed from ventilation to heating and often back to ventilation again en route and to a less extent from icing to heating while cars are in transit.

In the past few years, the railroads have increased their motive power, the weight of the rails, the roadbed, bridges, and the capacity of all types of equipmenigwith the single exception of refrigerator cars and the reason that they have 20 not been increased in length to provide greater cubic capacity is that a standard refrigerator car now in general use has ice bunkers in each end of the car. The average distance between bunkers is a trifle over thirty-three feet. To increase the length of the refrigerator car of the type now in use would place the icing, heating and ventilating devices too far away from the center of the load to be effective. The hauling of light tonnage in heavy cars is an economic waste and the gen- 30 eral practice of increasing lading capacity of other cars is strong evidence that the railroads realize that the hauling of non-paying tare weight is economically unsound.

The present invention has for its object a new construction of an insulated car with air circulating chambers which may be of any capacity by increasing the length of the car without in the least decreasing the effectiveness of the heating, cooling or ventilating devices. On the contrary, the present invention provides an insulated car with air circulating chambers which is more eflicient in its cooling, heating or ventilating in that the load in the car will never be more than about r seven feet from the refrigerating, heating and ventilating devices.

An object of the invention is to provide means in an insulated car to cause a circulation of air within the car in a plane substantially crosswise or laterally of the car so that every part of the 5 lading is located within a path of circulating air not greater than the width of the car, which circulating air may be used for cooling, heating or ventilating.

Fundamentally the principal objects of my invention are obtained in an insulated railway car by providing an air circulating chamber (or an air temperature changing chamber) by putting a bulkhead adjacent and parallel to one of the sidewalls of the car which extends from one end of the car to adjacent the middle of the car and forming openings therein preferably adjacent the floor and ceiling of the car and providing the car with a foraminous floor having transversely extending conduits therebelow communicating with the air circulating chamber. An air cooling or heating medium placed inthe air circulating chamber causes a continuous circulation of air from the air circulating chamber through the lading compartment of the car (and through or between the lading) and back to the air circulating chamber, the path of the circulating air lying substantially in a plane crosswise or transversely of the car. A series of hatchways is placed in the roof of the car over the air circulating chamher which allows a great volume of air to move over and through the lading in a short space of time for ventilating.

Another object of this invention is to arrange the air circulating chambers within the car so as to provide a greater surface of area exposure of load to the cooling, heating and ventilating chambers; given two cars of present standard interior dimensions or cubic capacity, the area of exposure is approximately 13% greater when the air circulating chambers of the same capacity are arranged along side walls rather than at the ends of cars and this arrangement increases the lading area by more than 5%.

Thus, one hundred per cent of the load is brought within about seven feet of the air circulating chambers while only 42% of the lading comes within that distance from the cooling chambers in the end bunker car, and, as the car is increased in length, the disadvantage of the end bunker arrangement increases correspondingly. The placing of any object to be cooled, heated or ventilated in closer proximity to the devices provided for that purpose is so funda-' mentally sound as to require no demonstration.

Another object is to arrange the air cooling chamber within the car so as to obtain a much greater area of contact between the ice, or other cooling medium, and the circulating air which not only gives a very efficient cooling system, but also a very rapid one. The same remarks apply when heating medium is used, or when ventilation is used, With the air circulating chamber located parallel with the side of the car, a greater amount of ice exposure is obtained than in an end bunker car, With the same amount of ice, resulting in more ice being melted and consequently more air being cooled or a given amount of air being cooled to a lower temperature which gives a more rapid circulation of air around and through the lading. The above object can be obtained without decreasing the fioor area of the lading compartment of the present standard length of car, but as a matter of fact actually increasing the lading capacity of the standard car.

Another object of this invention is to provide apertures in the narrow end of the air circulating chamber to provide a circulation of cooled or heated air in a path in a vertical plane longitudinally or diagonally of the car to'take care "of 'thatipart of the lading between the doors of the car.

Another object is to support a foraminous floor for the car so as to provide a plurality of conduits extending transversely of the car-and communicating with the interior or lading compartment of the car and preferably also providing means of communication between adjacent conduits and also preferably providing a longitudinally extending conduit communicating with a plurality (preferably all) of the transversely extending conduits.

Another object is to provide an improved bulkhead of simple and light construction which can be easily installed in the car and which will prevent thieves whoenter the'space behind the bulkhead (called air-circulating chamber) through the hatchway from entering the lading compartment of :the car.

Another object is to provide an opening in the bulkhead communicating with the interior of the car and/or anothernopening communicating with the exterior of the car for cleaning out the air circulating chamber and for removal of ice when that isxdesired. :Anyform of door and operating mechanism therefor may be used. These openin-gs may be used for the insertion and removal of the air-.cooling or air heating mechanisms or forced ventilating mechanisms.

'The 'cooling, heating'or ventilating may be done while the cars are in transit or may be used to precool-orrpreheat the cars before they are loaded or after they are emptied.

When the bulkhead is positioned parallel to a side wall 'of the car it may be made of much lighter construction than when the bulkhead is positioned parallel to an end wall of the car because it is not required to resist the inertia of the i'lading nor .is it subjected to the impact of a shifting load.

Another object is'ito construct and arrange such a means .so .that a cooling system, such as ice, saltedic'e, lbrine tank-s, cold water coils, etc., may be used, or a heating medium, such as charcoal heaters, ioil burners or .hot water coils, etc., may bezused.

.An'other object is to provide a bulkhead having .an opening adjacent the ceiling of the car, which' bulkheadicomprises spaced apart legs at the bottom thereof having an opening therebetween preferably in combination with means to support -'a co'oling or heatingmedium within the-space behind the bulkhead, which ,means is partially supported by the legs of the bulkhead.

Another object is to arrange a plurality of bulkheads within a car to obtain a balanced car, i.ae.,:symme.trical in weight when empty or loaded on -.opposit.e:sides of longitudinal and lateral middles'of the car, respectively.

:An'otherobject of the invention is to provide a longitudinallyextending sill to -support the longitudinallyaextending bulkhead, which sill also pref erably supports the ends of the laterally extending floor boards and also preferably supports the side margin of the drip pan.

It is a known practice to put air blowers between the bulkhead and wall of the car and force cool or cooled air into the car to precool the interior of the car before loading it.

Another object is to provide a drainage pan below the means for supporting the cooling medium which drains the melted ice, water from the cleaning'hose and debris to a trap or traps which, when opened, drain to the exterior of the car.

The trap may be provided with a closure and also preferably a water seal.

Another object is to provide two series of hatchways so positioned and provided with lids so hinged as to rapidly and completely change the air within'the car.

An insulated car with air circulating chambers accomplishing some of the foregoing objects of invention is disclosed and claimed in Patent No. 1,929,676 granted to me on October 10, 1933, and this application for patent is to cover features and improvements not disclosed or claimed therein.

In the'drawings:

Fig. l. is a floor plan of an insulated railway car provided with my air circulating chambers.

Figs. 2 and 3 are cross sections of the car shown in Fig. 1 showing a cooling medium and a heating medium, respectively, in the air circulating chambers.

Fig. 4 shows the car of Fig. 1 under ventilation.

Fig. 5 is an enlarged cross section of the car showing details of construction.

Fig. 6 is an enlarged floor plan of the car.

Fig. 7 is a horizontal cross section of a part of the longitudinal bunker.

Fig. '8 shows the junction of the longitudinal bunker with the lateral bunker.

Fig. 9 is an enlarged longitudinal section of the car through the air circulating chamber.

Fig. 101s an enlarged longitudinal section of the car through the lading compartment.

In the form of my invention illustrated in the drawings the usual parts of a refrigerator car are shown, such as side wall 2 with its outer sheathing 3; inner lining 4; insulation 5; the flooring 'l with its decking 8; lower floor 9 and insulation In; the roofing I! with its outer sheathing l3; ceiling boards l4 and insulation I5; end wall I! with its outer sheathing l8; inner lining l9 and insulation 20; side door opening 2| with its adjacent door post 22 and swinging doors 23.

The air circulating chamber A is separated from the la'ding compartment B of the car by a longitudinally extending bulkhead 26 adjacent and parallel to one side wall 2 of the car which extends from one end I! of the car to a point adjacent the middle of the car and a laterally extending bulkhead 23 connecting the longitudinal bulkhead 26 to the side wall of the car.

The longitudinally extending bulkhead 26 comprises a plurality of sheet metallic members 29, each having a web 39, with perforations 3! therein and each provided with laterally projecting flange 32 at each vertical margin thereof to form posts 33 which are attached to the roof or ceiling of the car by means of the angular member 34 and which are attached to the longitudinally extending post bearing member 35 by the brackets 36. The flanges 32 of adjacent sheet members 29 are preferably in contact with each other to cooperate as a post and may be secured together if desired. The flanges 32 maybe formed with reflanges 31 to stiffen the post. The lower part of the webs of the members are cut away to provide spaced legs 38 at the lower part thereof with ventilating openings 39 therebetween. The upper margins of these members 29 are formed with a horizontal flange 43 for attachment to the angle 34. Nailing strips 44 are secured to the posts 33 by the bolts 45 passing through the flanges 32 to which the padding 46 is nailed. The padding 46 extends from a line 41 remote from the floor or decking 8 to a line 48 remote from the ceiling I4 to provide openings 49-50 in the bulkhead 26 adjacent the bottom and top, respectively, thereof. This padding 46 comprises a plurality of spaced apart slats 52 forming a foraminous wall and a netting 53 is positioned between the padding 46 and the nailing strips 44 which extend from adjacent the lower part of the post to the ceiling. This netting 53 prevents ice from entering the lading compartment B. A solid padding (instead of the spaced apart slats 52$ is desirable for some commodities and, in some cases, a solid padding provided with insulation may be used. A package rail 55 secured to the posts 33 or nailing strips 44 by the bolts 56 prevents packages or other articles from getting into the drip pan. The spaces 51 between the webs 30 of the members 29 and the padding 46 form fines for the circulation of air. The netting 54 at 58 and 59 prevents articles from getting into the flue 51.

The laterally extending bulkhead 28 is preferably of the same construction as the longitudinally extending bulkhead and in the form illustrated comprises a metallic sheet wall member 63 having a web 64 with perforations 55 therein and provided with laterally extending flanges 66-61 at the vertical margins thereof to form posts. The flange 66 adjacent the side wall 2 is secured to the floor by the bracket 68 and to the ceiling by the angular bracket 69. This flange 66 may be attached to the side Wall 2 of the car or door post 22, if desired. The flange 61 adjacent the longitudinally extending bulkhead 26 is secured to the floor of the car by the bracket 13 and to the ceiling of the car by the angular member 69. This flange 61 may be secured to the longitudinally extending. bulkhead 26, if desired. Nailing strips 15 and 16 are provided to which the padding 11 is secured. The space 18 between the web 64 and the padding 11 forms a flue and together with the openings 19 and at the top and bottom, respectively, of the laterally extending bulkhead permit the circulation of air to help cool the space 8I in the lading compartment B of the car between the side doors 23.

A wire netting 84, or other foraminous wall, is secured to and spaced apart from the side wall 2 of the car to form a flue for circulating'air. This netting 84 is shown secured to wooden spacing strips 86. A similar netting 81, or other foraminous wall, is secured to and spaced apart from the end wall I1 to form a flue 88. The netting 81 is secured to the nailing strips 89 and 90. These nettings 84 and 81 extend from adjacent the top of the ice grates to the ceiling of the car. Galvanized sheets 9I92 of metal are secured to the side and end walls to protect the walls from moisture.

Fig. 9 shows a door I03 in the end of the car adjacent the lower part of the air circulating chamber A for ventilation. The door is hinged at the upper part of the door opening and swings inwardly so as not to interfere with another car. The door is actuated by an arm I04 pivoted to the door at one end and having the other end thereof pivoted to a member which is tapped to engage the threaded part of the operating rod III when rotated by the handle. The air circulating chamber is provided with an oblique foraminous floor I I3 to accommodate the door in spaced relation to a solid floor H311 to provide a flue II3b therebetween communicating with the flue 88 and the space below the grate bars.

A series of hatches 96 is provided in the roof longitudinally of the car over the air circulating chamber A for the insertion or removal of a heating or cooling means or a precooling or preheating mechanism. These hatches 9B are also used for ventilating the car and by providing a series of them longitudinally along the car a great volume of air may move over or through the lading, in a short space of time, as indicated by the arrows in Fig. 4. Inasmuchas the air circulating chambers are preferably positioned at diagonally opposite corners, as shown in Fig. 1, the respective series of hatchways are also positioned at diagonally opposite corners of the car. As shown in Figs. 4 and 9 each hatchway is provided with a lid 91 hinged to the side of the hatchway adjacent the nearest end of the car so that when all of the lids are opened to the oblique position shown in Fig. 4 and the car is moving in the direction indicated by the arrow 98 the air will be forced into the hatchways 99 and sucked out of the hatchways I00, thus causing a complete and rapid change of air within the car.

Any desirable ice supporting means may be used in the cooling chamber A. In the drawings a front grate bar rest I05 extends longitudinally of the car and is supported by the posts 33 through the bracket I06 and secured thereto by the bolt I01. The rear grate bar rest I09 is'positioned adjacent the side wall 2 of the car and rests upon the strut H0 and secured thereto by the bolt I01. The struts preferably rest upon the sill H2. The bolt I01 is provided with jamb nuts I !4 and I I5 to hold the rear ice grate bar rest I 09 in spaced relation to the bulkhead and preferably adjacent the side wall of the car. The ice supporting means is supported independently of the side wall of the car so as to be removed for cleaning or repair without disturbing the side wall or necessitating any modification of the wall and insulation therein; for instance, by the use of filling blocks or nailing or bolting pieces. The ice supports or grate bars comprise a plurality of separate bars I I6 supported by the grate bar rests I05 and I09 and any desirable means may be used to hold them in position.

A drainage pan I20 forms the floor of the cooling or air circulating chamber A which is located below the top of the deck 8. The pan I20 has an upstanding flange I 2| overlapped by the galvanized wall sheet I22 and another flange I23 over lapped by the waterproof covering I24 of the floor. This drainage pan I20 is provided with one or more drain traps I25.

On the floor of the car is a series of spaced sills or stringers I30 extending laterally ofthe car which support spaced apart slats I3! forming a false foraminous floor and providing a plurality of conduits I32 extending transversely of the car and communicating with the lading compartment B of the car between the slats I3I and also c0mmunicating with the interior of the cooling chamher A. These stringers I30 are provided with openings I33 therein to form means of communication between adjacent conduits I32. The stringers I30 may be formed so that only parts I34 thereof rest upon the decking 8 or floor of the car, thereby forming the space I35 below the stringers to form a longitudinally extending conduit communicating with a plurality of the transversely extending conduits I32. In order to get the false floor out of the way to clean the car it is preferably made of two pieces, one of which is hinged to the longitudinally extending bunker 26, preferably by the hinge butts I36 attached to the posts 33 of the bulkhead. These hinge butts I36 hold the flanges 32 of adjacent members 29 together. The other part is hinged to the opposite side wall of the car by means of the hinge and hinge butts I3'I. Any convenient means may be used to hold these false floors in vertical positions, such as indicated at I38 and I355. The false floor between the doorways of the car is made in two parts, each preferably hinged at I40, as shown in Fig. 6.

One or more of the sheet members 29 may be made in the form of a door hinged adjacent one edge thereof for access tothe cooling chamber A for cleaning and inspection. In the drawings I have shown one of the sheet members I44 hinged adjacent the ceiling of the car by means of a longitudinally extending bolt I 45 passing through the flanges I46 of the hinged member and also the flanges 32 of the adjacent member on each side of the hinged member. Any convenient means, such as the bolt I50, may be used to secure and lock this hinged member in normal position, preferably adjacent the floor of the car, but such securing and locking means should be accessible only from the lading compartment B of the car so that thieves entering the cooling chamber A through the hatches can not unlock the hinged member. The padding 46, of course, is divided to permit the hinged member to swing. The hinged door illustrated comprises a perforated web I4'I adjacent the cooling chamber, a

" netting I48 spaced therefrom and a lining I49 secured to the flanges I46 of the sheet member.

Operation.-When a cooling medium I66 is used in the air circulating chamber A the air cooled by the medium falls through the foraminous floor I6I (or ice grating) (as indicated by the arrows in Fig. 2) to the chamber therebelow from whence it moves through the transversely extending conduits I62 below the foraminous floor I63 of the car and thence upwardly through the lading compartment B or between the packages containing the lading and being warmed thereby continues its upward rise to the ceiling I64 from whence it moves through the upper opening I65 in the bulkhead to the upper part of the cooling chamber where it is cooled and again circulates through the lading and absorbs heat therefrom. (See Fig. 2.) The path of the circulating air is transverse or across the car (see Fig. 1) so that the length of this path is very short and any portion of the air is very frequently cooled and so that every part of the lading in the car is located in the path of circulating air at a distance not greater than the distance between the bulkhead I66 and the side wall I6! of the car furthest therefrom.

When a cooling medium is used necessitating an ice basket or bunker the direction of the circulation of the air is the same as described in the preceding paragraph, and as shown in Fig. 2, but instead of passing through the cooling medium it passes through spaces or flues surrounding it. When a heating medium H0 is used behind the bulkhead I66 the direction of the circulation of air is, of course, reversed, as shown in Fig. 3.

The accompanying drawings illustrate the preferred form of the invention though it is to be understood that the invention is not limited to the exact details of construction shown and described, as it is obvious that various modifications thereof, within the scope of the claims, will occur to persons skilled in the art.

I claim:

1. In a refrigerator car, the combination of car walls, ceiling and floor, with a bulkhead located adjacent one of the side walls of the car and parallel to said side wall, said bulkhead extending from one end of the car to adjacent a centrally located car door, said bulkhead having ventilating openings at its top and having spaced legs with ventilating openings at its bottom, and an ice supporting means between said bulkhead and the adjacent side wall, and transversely extending air conduits located on the floor of the car and communicating with the interior of the car whereby every part of the car is located Within a path of circulation not greater than the width of the car and the air is circulated downward through the ice chamber and upward through the car leaving and returning to the ice chamber transversely of the car.

2. In a refrigerator car, the combination of car walls, ceiling and floor, with a bulkhead located adjacent one of the side walls of the car and parallel to said side wall, said bulkhead extending from one end of the car to adjacent a centrally located car door, said bulkhead having ventilating openings at its top and having spaced legs with ventilating openings at its bottom, and an ice supporting means between said bulkhead and the adjacent side wall, and transversely extending air conduits located on the floor of the car and communicating with the interior of the car whereby every part of the car is located within a path of circulation not greater than the width of the car and the air is circulated downward through the ice chamber and upward through the car leaving and returning to the ice chamber transversely of the car, and a drainage pan located below the floor level of the car and beneath the ice supporting means and extending longitudinally of the car from one end of the car to adjacent said centrally located door.

3. In a refrigerator car, the combination of car walls, ceiling and floor, with a bulkhead located adjacent one of the side walls of the car and parallel to said side wall, said bulkhead extending from one end of the car to adjacent a centrally located car door, said bulkhead having ventilating openings at its top and having spaced legs with ventilating openings at its bottom, and an ice supporting means between said bulkhead and the adjacent side wall, and transversely extending air conduits located on the floor of the car and communicating with the interior of the car whereby every part of the car is located within a path of circulation not greater than the width of the car and the air is circulated downward through the ice chamber and upward through the car leaving and returning to the ice chamber transversely of the car, and a drainage pan located below the floor level of the car and beneath the ice supporting means and extending longitudinally of the car from one end of the car to adjacent said centrally located door, and

4. In a refrigerator car, the combination of 'car walls, ceiling and floor, with a bulkhead located adjacent one of the side walls of the car and parallel to said sidewall, said bulkhead extending from one end of the car to adjacent a centrally located car door; said bulkhead having ventilating openings at its top and havingspaced legs with ventilating openings atits bottom, an ice supporting means having one side thereof supported by said bulkhead and the opposite side thereof supported by means transferring the load imposed thereon to the underframing of the car independently of the side wall of the car,,and transversely extending air conduits located on the floor of the car and communicating with the interior of the car whereby every part of the car is located within a path of circulation not greater than the width of the carand the air is circulated downward through the ice chamber and upward throughthe car leaving and returning to the ice chamber transversely of the car.

5. In a refrigerator car, the combination of car walls, ceiling and floor, with a bulkhead located adjacent one of the, side walls of the car and parallel'to'said side wall, said bulkhead extending from one end of the car to adjacent a centrally located car door, said bulkhead having ventilating openings at its top and having spaced legs with ventilating openings atits bottom, an outer longitudinally extending grate supporting rail secured to said bulkhead, an inner longitudinally extending grate supporting rail and substantially vertical posts supporting said inner rail, and transversely extending air conduits located on the floor of the car and communicating with the interior of the car whereby every part of the car is located within a path of circulation not greater than the width of the car and the air is circulated downward throughthe ice chamber and upward through the gear leaving and returning to the ice chamber transversely of the car.

6. In a refrigerator car, the combination of car walls, ceiling and floor, with a bulkhead located adjacent one of theside, walls of the car and parallel to said side wall, said bulkhead extending from one end of the car to adjacent a,

centrally located car, door, said bulkhead having ventilating openings at its top and having spaced legs with ventilating openings at its bottom, an

outer longitudinally extending grate supporting rail secured to said bulkheadjan inner longitudinally extending grate supporting rail, substantially vertical posts supporting said inner rail and strut-ties extending between said rails, and transversely extending air conduits located on the floor of the car and communicating with the interior of the car whereby every part of the car is located within a path of circulation not greater than the width of the car and the air is circulated downward through the ice chamber and upward through the car leaving and returning to the ice chamber transversely of the car.

7. In an insulated railway car having a ceiling, floor and side wall, a longitudinal bulkhead adjacent the side wall and a lateralbulkhead connecting the longitudinal bulkhead and the side wall forming an air circulating chamber, said longitudinal bulkhead comprising a plurality of sheet metallic members having laterally projecting flanges to form posts, said lateral bulkhead '15 comprising a sheet metallic member having laterally projecting flanges forming posts, said posts being secured to the car structure at their upper and lower ends, respectively, both of said bulkheads'having ventilating openings at their upper and lower parts, respectively, communicating with the-lading compartment.

8. In an insulated railway car having a ceiling, floor and side wall, a longitudinal bulkhead adjacent the side wall and a lateral bulkhead connecting the longitudinal bulkhead and the side wall forming an air circulating chamber, said longitudinal bulkhead comprising a plurality of sheet metallic members having laterally projecting flanges to form posts, said lateral bulkhead com- 1 tioned flanges being secured to the side wall and the other of said last mentioned flanges being secured to the longitudinal bulkhead.

9. In an insulated railway car having a ceiling, floor and side wall, a longitudinal bulkhead adjacent the side wall, a lateral bulkhead connecting the longitudinal bulkhead andthe side wall forming an air circulating chamber separate from the lading compartment and ice supporting means within said chamber comprising vertical foraminous walls in spaced relation to said bulkheads, both of said bulkheads having ventilating openings at their upper and lower parts, respectively, communicating with the lading compartment.

10. In an insulated railway car having a ceiling, floor, side wall and end wall, a longitudinal bulkhead adjacent the side wallextending from the end wall to adjacent the middle of the car, and a lateral bulkhead connecting the longitudinal bulkhead and the side wall forming an air circulating chamber separate from the lading compartment, said longitudinal bulkhead comprising a plurality of sheet metallic membershaving laterally projecting flanges to form posts, said 11. In an insulated railway car having side walls,;floor and ceiling, a bulkhead'adjacent one of the sidewalls and parallel thereto forming an air circulatingchamber separate from the lading compartment, said bulkhead having openings adjacent the ceiling and floor, respectively, means to support a temperature changing medium Within said chamber, transversely extending conduits adjacent the floor which communicate with the said chamber and the lading compartment, and means of communication between adjacent conduits.

12. In an insulated railway car having side walls, floor and ceiling, a bulkhead adjacent one of the side walls and parallel thereto forming an air circulating chamber separate from the lading compartment, said bulkhead having openings adjacent the ceiling and floor, respectively, means to support a temperature changing medium within said chamber, transversely extending conduits adjacent the floor which communicate with the said chamber and the lading compartment, and a longitudinally extending conduit communicating with a plurality of the transversely extending conduits.

in said chamber, a plurality of transversely eX- tending stringers supporting a foraminous floor forming transversely extending conduits adjacent the floor which communicate with said chamber and the lading compartment, and apertures in said stringers providing means of communic ation between adjacent conduits.

14. In an insulated railway car having side walls, floor and ceiling, a bulkhead adjacent one side wall and parallel thereto forming an air circulating chamber separate from the lading compartment, said bulkhead comprising a plurality of sheet metallic members provided with lateral flanges to form posts, said members each having an opening therein adjacent the floor and ceiling, a solid padding secured to said members between said openings in spaced relation to said members whereby a temperature changing medium placed in said chamber causes a circulation of air between said chamber and the lading compartment, one of said members having the flanges thereof hinged to the flanges of the adjacent members adjacent the ceiling so as to be swung outwardly to provide access to said chamber, and removable means to hold the hinged member in normal position.

15. In an insulated railway car having side walls, floor and ceiling, a bulkhead adjacent one side wall and parallel thereto forming an air circulating chamber separate from the lading compartment, said bulkhead comprising a plurality of panels secured together, said panels each having an opening therein adjacent the floor and ceiling with a solid wall therebetween whereby a temperature changing medium placed in said chamber causes a circulation of air beeach having an opening therein adjacent the floor and ceiling with a solid wall therebetween whereby a temperature changing medium placed in said chamber causes a circulation of air between said chamber and the lading compartment, one of said panels being hinged adjacent the ceiling so as to be swung outwardly to provide access to said chamber, and removable means to hold the hinged panel in normal position accessible only from the lading compartment.

1'7. In an insulated railway car having side walls, floor and ceiling, a bulkhead adjacent one side wall and parallel thereto forming an air circulating chamber separate from the lading compartment, said bulkhead comprising a plurality of sheet metallic members provided with lateral fianges to form posts, said members each having an opening therein adjacent the floor and ceiling, a solid padding secured to said members between said openings in spaced relation to said members whereby a temperature changing medium placed in said chamber causes a circulation of air between said chamber and the lading compartment, one of said members having the flanges thereof hinged to the flanges of the adjacent members adjacent the ceiling so as to be swung outwardly to provide access to said chamber, said hinged members comprising a perforated web adjacent said chamber, a netting secured to the flanges of the member in spaced relation to the web, and a padding secured to said flanges.

18. In an insulated railway car having side walls, floor and ceiling, a bulkhead adjacent one side wall and parallel thereto forming an air circulating chamber separate from the lading compartment, said bulkhead having ventilating openings near the ceiling and spaced legs with ventilating openings therebetween adjacent the floor, transversely extending stringers resting upon the floor forming transversely extending conduits, said stringers being hinged to said legs so as to be moved to a substantially vertical position adjacent said bulkhead, and a foraminous floor supported by the stringers.

CHARLES O. CORNWELL. 

